Commodities · Biweekly brief

Oil and rates set the fortnight: gold slid, copper stocks rebuilt and lithium broke below 100,000 yuan a tonne

Oct 10 to Oct 23, 2026: energy, precious metals, industrial metals and battery metals, with the reason each price moved.

Read first
  • Each price names its benchmark, unit and date.
  • Spot, futures and index prices are not mixed; settles, quotes and averages sit on separate lines.
  • Statuses are judged against Oct 24, 2026. This is a description, not investment advice.
$109.86Brent futures settle, per bbl · Oct 16 · reported
$4,032.00Gold spot, per oz · Oct 23 · reported
$14,089LME copper 3M, per t · Oct 22 · reported
Divrite Research · Status as of Oct 24, 2026
Hero visual: how the Hormuz shock reached oil, rates, gold, copper and lithium between Oct 10 and Oct 23, 2026
Hero visual: oil and rates, then four commodity families, across the Oct 10 to Oct 23 window
102.4 mb/dIEA world oil demand for 2026, cut by 2.6 mb/d in the Oct 14 reportEstimate · IEA
$28.9/MBtuTTF November on Oct 16, up 8.2% from $26.7 on Oct 9 (JOGMEC conversion)Reported
272,950 tLME copper warehouse stocks on Oct 21, up 18.0% from 231,275 t on Oct 9Reported
99,350 yuan/tSMM battery-grade lithium carbonate spot average on Oct 22, down 19.1% since Sep 30Reported
Oct 27–28Fed meeting, the next macro test; it falls after the windowUpcoming
Basis: every status is judged against Oct 24, 2026. Futures settles, intraday quotes, physical assessments and averages are shown on separate lines, and changes are within one source unless marked cross-source.
01The fortnight in brief

Oil and rates set the fortnight: gold slid, copper stocks rebuilt and lithium broke below 100,000 yuan a tonne

Between Oct 10 and Oct 23, 2026, commodity prices were set by the Iran war's pressure on oil and rates, by stock movements in copper, and by supply expectations for 2027 in lithium. Five conclusions explain the fortnight; prices are judged against Oct 24.

Five conclusions

Oil and LNG carried the shock, and US gas stayed apart

Brent futures settled at $109.86 on Oct 16, the first print near $110 since May; PTI showed an intraday quote of $113.87 on Oct 23. The IEA's Oct 14 report cuts 2026 oil demand by 2.6 mb/d to 102.4 mb/d (estimate), with observed stocks 509 mb below end-February. TTF rose 8.2% to $28.9/MBtu in the week to Oct 16, while Henry Hub November settled at $3.24 on Oct 15. US commercial crude drew 3.06 mn bbl to 412.5 mn bbl in the week to Oct 16, and OPEC+ kept September required production for November.

Brent settle · $109.86/bbl · Oct 16 · reportedIEA 2026 demand · 102.4 mb/d · Oct 14 · estimateTTF Nov · $28.9/MBtu · Oct 16 · reportedHenry Hub Nov settle · $3.24/MMBtu · Oct 15 · reported
See module 2 →

Gold fell because of the war, not despite it

Oil lifted inflation and Fed-hike odds, so spot gold slipped 3.7% from $4,187.60 on Oct 13 to $4,032 on Oct 23 (cross-source), 28.0% below its Jan 29 record, even though central banks bought 288.9 t in Q2. Futures priced about 86% odds of a December hike on Oct 23 after the Sep 16 rise to 3.75-4.00%. Silver fell 10.2% to $54.02 (cross-source), and the gold/silver ratio widened from 69.17 to 74.6.

Gold spot · $4,032.00/oz · Oct 23 · reportedSilver spot · $54.02/oz · Oct 23 · reportedDecember hike odds · about 86% · Oct 23 · futures-impliedCentral-bank buying · 288.9 t · Q2 · reported (WGC)
See module 3 →

Copper eased as LME stocks rebuilt, but tightness persists outside the US

LME three-month copper fell to $14,089 on Oct 22, 5.3% under the Sep 10 record, as warehouse stocks reached 272,950 t, up 18.0% from Oct 9. Yet the concentrate treatment charge hit -$272.20/t, Yangshan premiums averaged $145/t, 2027 European premiums are at records, and the ICSG (estimate) sees only a small refined surplus of 104,000 t in 2026. Aluminium gave up its war premium, closing at $3,001.50 on Oct 16.

LME copper 3M · $14,089/t · Oct 22 · reportedLME copper stocks · 272,950 t · Oct 21 · reportedConcentrate TC · -$272.20/t · Oct 9 · reportedICSG 2026 refined surplus · 104,000 t · estimate
See module 4 →

Lithium broke below 100,000 yuan/t on next year's supply

SMM's battery-grade spot averaged 99,350 yuan/t on Oct 22, 19.1% below Sep 30, while weekly sample inventory fell 3,324 t to 52,093 t. Goldman Sachs (estimate) sees a 404,000 t deficit in 2026 turning into a 444,000 t surplus in 2028. The INSG also moved its 2026 nickel view to a 19,000 t surplus from a 32,000 t deficit in April, and cobalt sulphate kept falling in October.

SMM lithium carbonate spot avg · 99,350 yuan/t · Oct 22 · reportedSMM sample inventory · 52,093 t · reportedGoldman Sachs 2026 balance · -404,000 t · estimateGoldman Sachs 2028 balance · +444,000 t · estimate
See module 5 →Balance chart →

Oil and rates are the common thread, but not for every metal

Copper's weekly slide was blamed on US CPI of 3.7% and an equity sell-off, and base metals fell again overnight on Oct 22. Lithium and nickel moved on supply news instead, including talk of Indonesian cuts that lifted nickel 4.1% on Oct 21. The next macro test is the Fed meeting on Oct 27-28.

US CPI · 3.7% year on year · reported (LME Insight)LME nickel 3M · $16,310/t, +4.1% · Oct 21 · reportedFed meeting · Oct 27-28 · upcoming
Module 3 →Module 4 →Module 5 →

Prices at a glance

Levels mix settles, quotes and averages; each row keeps its own benchmark and date, and changes are within one source unless marked cross-source.

CommodityLevel and basisChange over the windowDateMain driverSource
Brent futures$109.86/bbl settle$113.87 intraday quote on Oct 23Nearly +5% in the week to Oct 16Oct 16; Oct 23Hormuz attacksCNBC; PTI via Rediff
TTF November$28.9/MBtuUSD conversion by JOGMEC+8.2% from $26.7 (Oct 9)Oct 16Tight spot LNG, Norwegian constraintsJOGMEC via GlobalLNGHub
Henry Hub November$3.24/MMBtu settle+7.6% from $3.01 on Sep 29Oct 15Record US output, storage surplusAGA
Gold spot$4,032.00/oz spot-3.7% from $4,187.60 (Oct 13)cross-sourceOct 23Fed-hike odds, yieldsUSAGOLD; Investing.com
Silver spot$54.02/oz spot-10.2% from $60.14 bid (Oct 13)cross-sourceOct 23Rate-sensitive, industrial demandUSAGOLD; Canadian Mining Report
LME copper 3M$14,089/t5.3% below the $14,875 record of Sep 10Oct 22LME stock inflowsReuters via Mining.com; Fastmarkets
LME aluminium 3M$3,001.50/t-1.5% on the weekOct 16Supply recovery, Indonesian ramp-upLME Insight
SMM lithium carbonate99,350 yuan/t spot average-2.7% on the week; -19.1% since Sep 30Oct 222027-28 supply expectationsSMM
LME nickel 3M$16,310/t+4.1% on the dayOct 21Possible Indonesian cutsScrapMonster

How to read the labels

ReportedCross-sourceA published price, flow or statistic; cross-source means two outlets are compared.
EstimateAn agency, bank or analyst forecast, never a measured price.
In effectContextA decision or event already in place; context is background outside the window.
UpcomingDated after Oct 24, 2026, or expected with no date stated.
02Energy

Energy carried the war shock: Brent near $110 and tight LNG, while US gas stayed near $3.1 to $3.2

The Iran war's pressure on oil and LNG feeds the inflation and rates story that moves the metals in the later modules. Brent settled at $109.86 on Oct 16; US gas stayed insulated on record output and a storage surplus. Pick a tab for the snapshot, oil or natural gas.

Brent and WTI are futures; Dated Brent is a physical assessment; Henry Hub is the NYMEX November contract; TTF and JKM are USD/MBtu conversions by JOGMEC.

ItemKey figureDateStatusSource
Brent futures, settle$109.86/bblOct 16ReportedCNBC
WTI futures, settle$101.41/bblOct 16ReportedCNBC
Brent / WTI, intraday quote$113.87 / $100.29 per bblOct 23ReportedPTI via Rediff
IEA world oil demand 2026-2.6 mb/d to 102.4 mb/dOct 14Estimate (IEA)IEA
IEA world oil supply102.3 mb/d in September (+2.5)Oct 14ReportedIEA
OPEC+ November required productionUnchanged from SeptemberOct 4In effectOPEC via Rigzone
EIA US commercial crude412.5 mn bbl (-3.1)Week to Oct 16ReportedEIA via Brisk Markets
US refinery utilisation93.4%Week to Oct 16ReportedEIA via Brisk Markets
Henry Hub Nov futures, settle$3.24/MMBtuOct 15ReportedAGA
US gas storage3,567 Bcf (+67)Week to Oct 9ReportedJOGMEC via GlobalLNGHub
TTF Nov / JKM Dec$28.9 / high-$29s per MBtuOct 16ReportedJOGMEC via GlobalLNGHub
Price path Reported

On Oct 16 Brent hit a session high of $110, its first since May, and settled at $109.86 (+3.7%). WTI settled at $101.41 (+3.5%) and gained over 10% on the week, against nearly 5% for Brent (CNBC). Brent settled at $109.55 on Oct 19. By Oct 23 PTI showed Brent at $113.87 and WTI at $100.29, intraday quotes that are not comparable with settles. Business Standard says Brent climbed back above $113 after a drone strike on Aramco's Shaybah field, which did not hit output.

Physical drivers Reported

At least nine tankers and cargo ships were attacked in the Strait of Hormuz from Oct 11 to Oct 16, and Iran sank the container ship GFS Pride on Oct 14 (US Central Command). Hormuz crude exports were 9.4 mb/d in the week to Oct 14, about 70% of the pre-war average (Kpler).

IEA Oil Market Report, Oct 14 Estimate

2026 demand falls 2.6 mb/d to 102.4 mb/d (diesel is 25% of the fall). Supply rose 2.5 mb/d to 102.3 mb/d in September. Observed stocks are 509 mb below end-February, with on-land stocks the lowest since at least 2016. Dated Brent was about $134/bbl (physical assessment) against roughly $107 for Brent futures, a $27 premium; the two bases are kept apart.

Stocks and OPEC+
412.5 mn bblEIA US commercial crude, week to Oct 16 (-3.06 mn bbl; about 3% below the five-year average) · reported
282.7 mn bblUS SPR, reportedly the lowest since 1982
39.07 mb/dOPEC+ crude output in September (+0.9) · reported
105.7 mb/dOPEC 2026 demand, +0.2 mb/d on its own baseline: compare changes, not levels

On Oct 4 seven OPEC+ countries kept September required production for November (in effect). Ministers in Riyadh on Oct 12 reaffirmed the June 7 decisions and said shipping and insurance costs exceed one third of commodity value.

Henry Hub: US insulated Reported

Henry Hub November futures settled at $3.24/MMBtu on Oct 15, up 7.6% from the first prompt settlement of $3.01 on Sep 29. The Oct 1-15 average was $3.15 (AGA). EIA reported a 67 Bcf injection for the week to Oct 9, short of expectations, taking storage to 3,567 Bcf, 1.3% above the five-year average. US output is up 4.1% year to date.

EIA October STEO Estimate

Henry Hub averaging $3.48 in 2026 and end-October storage of 3,850 Bcf (3,523 + 328), which leaves 283 Bcf to add after the Oct 9 print. Storage for the week to Oct 16 is not in the material.

TTF and JKM: Europe and Asia tight Reported

TTF November rose to $28.9/MBtu on Oct 16 from $26.7 on Oct 9, +$2.2 or +8.2%, on tight spot LNG, Norwegian constraints and cold forecasts. JKM rose to the high-$29s from the low-$26s, but the assessed month rolled from November to December on Oct 16, so that move is not like-for-like (JOGMEC).

EU storage and exposure
74.3%EU storage on Oct 16, +0.8 points on the week · reported
16.5%below the five-year average on Oct 16

Bruegel says Europe takes only about 8% of its LNG from the Middle East (undated), so the shock arrives mainly via price.

Energy split in two this window: oil, TTF and JKM were priced by Hormuz risk, while US gas stayed near $3.1-$3.2/MMBtu on record output and a storage surplus.
03Precious metals

Gold fell 3.7% to $4,032 because oil lifted rate-hike odds, even as central banks kept buying

Gold, the supposed safe haven, finished the window on the $4,000 line: oil lifted inflation, inflation lifted Fed-hike odds, and higher yields outweighed safe-haven and central-bank demand. Spot prices are US dollars per troy ounce, with the Oct 13 to Oct 23 change taken across two outlets.

Gold spot prints, USD per troy ounce
Reported spot prices from different outlets: Oct 9 close and Oct 13 (Investing.com), Oct 21 (Admiral Markets), Oct 23 (USAGOLD). Over the window gold fell 3.7% (cross-source) and stood 28.0% below its $5,597.23 record of Jan 29 (context).
Path of the fall Reported

Gold closed Oct 9 at $4,194.65. A hotter September CPI on Oct 14 cut it 1.5% to a low near $4,073. Four down sessions took it to $4,119.37 by Oct 21. On Oct 23 it briefly lost $4,000 in Asia, near $3,986, then reclaimed it at $4,032 as Brent hit a five-month high.

Rates In effect

The Fed raised its target 25 bp to 3.75-4.00% on Sep 16. On Oct 13 futures priced 21% odds of an October hike and 88% by December; on Oct 23, about 86% for December. The 10-year yield touched 5.35% on Oct 8, the highest since 2002 (an intraday print).

Dollar and opportunity cost Reported

The dollar index slipped from 102.41 (Oct 12) to 101.55 (Oct 20), yet gold still fell, so yields and hike bets dominated. A 3-month Treasury at 4.26% earns about $106.50 on $10,000 in a quarter, so gold needs roughly 1.1% to match.

Bank forecasts Estimate

Bank of America sees a Q4 average of $4,000 and $4,813 for 2027. State Street Investment Management gives 60% odds to $4,750-5,500 by end-Q1 2027 and 35% to $4,000-4,750. The Fed meets Oct 27-28, after the window.

Official buying: strong, not price-setting Reported
288.9 tQ2 net purchases, up 62% year on year, a record second quarter (WGC)
23 tPBoC announced for September, the most since October 2023; Q3 at 63 t
39 tAugust purchases per WGC; 170 t for January-August; China +20 t, Russia -6 t (via GoldSilver)
78% to 75%Kazakhstan's planned cut in gold's reserve share by year-end, partly by physical sales (reported, Oct 12)
ETF flows: a regional split Reported

Global gold ETFs added 67 t in September while COMEX managed-money net longs fell 84 t (WGC data cited by Indmoney). US-listed funds hold a record-low 49.6% of global ETF holdings (51.9% at the start of 2026). Of 402 t of net ETF growth in the 12 months to end-September, Asia took 48.5% (about 195 t) and the US 29.8% (about 120 t) (BullionVault, citing WGC).

US money returned in Q3 Reported

State Street reports US-listed gold ETFs took in $11.7B in Q3, reversing $5.6B of Q2 outflows, but US money lags Asia.

Official and Asian buyers are buying the dip; the price still fell, and Crux Investor concludes that central-bank buying cannot guarantee a floor. WGC's Q3 report is expected in late October, with no date stated (upcoming).
Silver Cross-source
$54.02
Spot, per oz, Oct 23 (USAGOLD)

Down 10.2% from the $60.14 bid on Oct 13. Spot was $57.84 on Oct 16 and $56.88 on Oct 20, 14.14% below $66.25 a month earlier. COMEX silver hit $54.53 overnight, the lowest since November 2025.

Gold/silver ratio and demand Reported
69.17 to 74.6
Oct 13 to Oct 23 (4,032 ÷ 54.02)

Golden State Mint lists mixed demand signals: US housing starts down 5.2%, a CATL profit miss and strong chip results. According to Indigo Precious Metals, a metal seller, the Silver Institute projects a sixth straight deficit of 46.3 million oz.

Platinum Reported
$1,629
Spot, per oz, Oct 20 (Guardian Gold)

Down almost 9% over the month. Fortrade, a broker, puts its 2026 high at $2,920 (Jan 26) and low at $1,536.30 (Jul 1) on its own data and calls inventories "critically low". The material has no dated palladium quote, so none is given.

04Industrial metals

Copper eased as LME stocks rebuilt, but concentrate terms and premiums show tightness outside the US

Precious metals sold off hard on Oct 22 and base metals fell with them overnight: LME copper -1.8%, aluminium -1.17%, nickel -1.47%, zinc -2.24% and tin -2.44%. Prices are LME three-month, US dollars per tonne, unless stated.

Industrial metals at a glance

ItemKey figureDateStatusSource
Copper$14,089 (-1.8%); session low $14,031, weakest since Sep 15Oct 22, 16:00 GMTReportedReuters via Mining.com
Copper record$14,875 intradaySep 10ContextFastmarkets
Copper, LME warehouse stocks272,950 tOct 21ReportedReuters via Mining.com
Aluminium$3,001.50 (-1.5% on the week)Oct 16 closeReportedLME Insight
Zinc$3,742 (+0.5%)Oct 21ReportedScrapMonster
Tin$51,090 (-0.5%)Oct 21ReportedScrapMonster
Nickel$16,310 (+4.1%); see module 5Oct 21ReportedScrapMonster
Copper concentrate TC, cif Asia Pacific-$272.20/tOct 9ReportedFastmarkets
Yangshan warrant premium$145/t averageOct 19-22ReportedSMM
Price path Reported

LME copper closed the Oct 12-16 week at $14,407.50, down $132.50 or 0.9%, from a Monday close of $14,618.50. It touched $14,700 on Oct 14, a three-week high, and $14,256 on Oct 15 in a tech-stock sell-off (intraday prints). After $14,364 on Oct 21, it fell to $14,089 on Oct 22 as LME warehouse inflows eased supply fears: 5.3% under the $14,875 record of Sep 10. LME Insight blamed the Oct 12-16 slide on hot US inflation (CPI 3.7% year on year) and an equity sell-off.

China and the US pull Reported

SMM reports Yangshan warrant premiums of $134-157/t (average $145) for Oct 19-22, near-decade highs. ICA reports COMEX at $6.56/lb on Oct 21, or $14,462/t, about $80 under LME cash ($14,540 on Oct 20), against a premium near $420 at end-July. A refined-copper tariff decision is still pending, with no date stated.

Inventories carry the story
272,950 tLME warehouse stocks, Oct 21, highest since Jul 24; +18.0% from 231,275 t on Oct 9 · reported
62%of LME copper stocks sit in the US (Reuters via Mining.com)
38.0%cancelled warrants, 85,550 t of 225,425 t, on Oct 16 (LME Insight series)
711,617 tCME registered stocks on Oct 13; Citi puts the US stockpile near 1.1 Mt including off-market metal
Where sources conflict

Reuters counts 29,050 t of LME inflows on Oct 21, while ScrapMonster, citing an earlier Reuters report, gives 11,475 t; the material cannot reconcile them, and this page uses the later report. SHFE stock figures also conflict across sources, so only the direction is read.

Concentrates Reported

Fastmarkets' copper concentrate treatment charge (TC) index, cif Asia Pacific, fell to -$272.20/t on Oct 9 from -$69.70 at the start of 2026, against a 2026 benchmark of $0. Platts had CIF China at -$240/t on Oct 16, and S&P Global Market Intelligence estimates Chinese smelters lose about $140 per dry tonne. Smelting capacity rose about 3.4 Mt in 2024-25 against 860,000 t of mine growth (ICSG via the Korea Times). CRU (estimate) sees TCs near -$75 in Q4 2027.

Mines Reported

A landslide at Codelco's El Teniente killed two contractors on Oct 11 and closed the south pit. Antofagasta's Centinela strike began Oct 7 and has since ended. Producers are offering record 2027 European premiums: Codelco $350/t and Aurubis $347/t.

ICSG forecast, released Oct 14 Estimate

A refined surplus of 104,000 t in 2026 (0.4% of 28.59 Mt use) and 368,000 t in 2027 (1.3% of 29.31 Mt), with 2026 mine growth cut to 1.3% from 1.6% (via The Oregon Group). Vale Base Metals' CEO expects mine supply to fall 2% in 2026, the first decline since 2017.

LME Week, Oct 19-23 In effect

The LME listed Owensboro, Kentucky as a copper delivery point, and an updated Warehouse Agreement applies from Dec 1. Trafigura puts data-centre copper demand near 1 Mt, about 3% of the total.

Aluminium Reported
$3,001.50
LME 3M, per t, Oct 16 close, -1.5% on the week

It closed as low as $2,987 on Oct 15. Standard Chartered says it erased its Middle East risk premium, with the first sub-$3,000 closes of 2026 on Oct 14-15, on a faster Middle East supply recovery, Indonesian ramp-up and record Chinese utilisation of 98.5%. Panmure Liberum adds easing Hormuz passage restrictions, but Standard Chartered says the Strait is still disrupted. It rebounded 1.2% to $3,039 on Oct 21.

Zinc Reported
$3,742
LME 3M, per t, Oct 21, +0.5%

Zinc lost 3.0% in the week to Oct 16 and stood below September's $4,100-plus. Its spot treatment charge hit a record -$115 to -$150/t on Oct 9.

Tin Reported
$51,090
LME 3M, per t, Oct 21, -0.5%

Tin held near $51,000, more than double its 2024 level according to the International Tin Association.

05Battery metals

Lithium fell below 100,000 yuan a tonne on 2027 to 2028 supply expectations, not on this quarter's balance

The metals that go into batteries moved on their own logic: lithium carbonate broke below 100,000 yuan/t while cobalt and nickel stayed weak. Spot, futures and trade data below are separate lines and are not compared with each other.

Battery metals at a glance

ItemKey figureDateStatusSource
SMM battery-grade lithium carbonate spot (yuan/t)99,350; -2,800 week on week (-2.7%)Oct 22ReportedSMM
Lithium carbonate most-traded futures (yuan/t)94,180; -5% week on weekOct 22ReportedSMM
Lithium hydroxideSept imports 7,406 t, exports 10,007 t; no priceOct 20ReportedSMM
Cobalt sulphate (yuan/t)Down more than 4,000 since the post-holiday startOct 15ReportedSMM
LME nickel cash (USD/t)Low 15,415; close 15,545Oct 8; Oct 9ReportedTacto
LME nickel three-month (USD/t)16,310; +4.1%Oct 21ReportedScrapMonster
INSG 2026 nickel balanceSurplus 19,000 t (April: deficit 32,000 t)Oct 13ReportedCrux Investor
Natural flake graphite, -100 mesh (RMB/t)3,050, flatMid-June to AugReportedBenchmark
Price: a move on expectations Reported

SMM's battery-grade spot average fell from 122,800 yuan/t on Sep 30 to 99,350 on Oct 22 (-19.1%). The decisive day was Oct 12, when Guangzhou Futures Exchange contract LC2701 fell 11.79% to 104,740 yuan/t, its first close below 110,000 since December; it touched 96,860 on Oct 14. Prices have roughly halved from May, when S&P Global recorded 201,000 yuan/t (DDP China, a different benchmark) on May 12. CITIC Futures' Wang Meidan says the balance is still tight but pricing has shifted to next year (analyst reading).

Demand is mixed Reported

Mysteel expects October LFP output of 625,000 t against 603,200 t in September, +3.6%. The Times Institute puts October growth in cell production schedules below 4%, and CNESA reports China's H1 storage installations at 58.6 GWh, down 16%. SMM's weekly sample inventory was 52,093 t, down 3,324 t, so destocking continues.

Supply data point the same way Reported
115,400 tChina's September output, +4% month on month and +32% year on year (SMM)
970,100 tSeptember spodumene imports, about 81,300 t LCE (+7.0% month on month)
28,826 tSeptember lithium carbonate imports, +47% year on year
$1,505/tConcentrate CIF China on Oct 21, against $1,735 on Sep 30
Mine and method notes

On Oct 8 Yichun reissued the environmental assessment notice for the Jianxiawo lepidolite mine. Weekly output rose another 845 t in the week to Oct 22. SMM's September survey expansion, which lifted estimated stocks from about 70,000 t to 169,300 t, was a method change that fed the Sep 16 sell-off.

Lithium fell on 2027-2028 supply expectations, not on this quarter's balance: spot is under 100,000 yuan/t while Chinese stocks are still falling.
Goldman Sachs, early October report Estimate
2026 balance
-404,000 t
deficit
2028 balance
+444,000 t
surplus

A swing of 848,000 t. It forecasts Chinese spot near 100,000 yuan/t in 2027 and 84,000 in 2028, with global supply up 32% next year.

CITIC Securities Estimate

Expects a 38,000 t surplus in 2027 and cut its Q4 2026 range to 100,000-150,000 yuan/t. The Oct 22 spot average of 99,350 is already below that floor. SMM's own range for the following week is 90,000-110,000.

Positioning leans short Reported
343,486contracts short, top 20 LC2701 holders, Oct 14
313,482contracts long, top 20 LC2701 holders, Oct 14

Cheaper lithium will not all reach cell makers' profit, since CATL's price-adjustment mechanism with customers can pass savings on.

Nickel Reported
$16,310
LME 3M, per t, Oct 21, +4.1%

LME cash set a year low of 15,415 on Oct 8 and closed at 15,545 on Oct 9, about 20% below the May high. The jump came on talk of Chinese producers cutting output in Indonesia, not yet confirmed. The INSG flipped its 2026 view to a 19,000 t surplus from a 32,000 t deficit in April, and sees 70,000 t in 2027. Indonesia's minister said on Oct 7 that a moratorium on new nickel pig iron plants is under consideration, with no decision.

Cobalt Reported
> 4,000 yuan/t
Cobalt sulphate decline since the post-holiday start, Oct 15 (SMM)

Benchmark's Q3 review (context): cobalt hydroxide CIF Asia fell 31% to $17.25/lb as DRC exports rose, and MHP payables dropped from 91.5% to 65.8%. SunSirs (Oct 14) says China's January-August DRC intermediate imports were 12,000 t, down 85.4% under export quotas, and projects over 40,000 t for September-December (estimate).

Graphite Context
3,050 RMB/t
Natural flake, -100 mesh, flat from mid-June to August

Benchmark's Q3 review shows anode prices flat from mid-June to mid-September, with 2026 anode oversupply near 250 ktpa. Pet coke feedstock rose 6.5% (RMB 4,200 to 4,475/t, June to August). A 2% battery consumption tax began Sep 1. No October graphite price is in the material.

06Supply and demand risks

The risks sit in routes, stocks and 2027 to 2028 supply, and the balance estimates turn from deficit to surplus

This module turns the earlier ones into risks by commodity and by reader. It uses only facts from those modules and describes exposures, not forecasts or investment advice.

Risks by commodity

Oil: supply risk sits in the route, not the quota

Hormuz crude exports were 9.4 mb/d, about 70% of the pre-war average, and at least nine vessels were attacked from Oct 11 to Oct 16. OPEC+ kept September required production for November, but targets are largely theoretical while Gulf exports are constrained. On the demand side, the IEA expects 2026 use to fall 2.6 mb/d, and US commercial crude drew to 412.5 mn bbl.

Hormuz exports · 9.4 mb/d · week to Oct 14 · reported (Kpler)IEA 2026 demand · -2.6 mb/d · Oct 14 · estimateUS commercial crude · 412.5 mn bbl · week to Oct 16 · reported

Natural gas: Europe and Asia are exposed, the US is not

TTF stood at $28.9/MBtu on Oct 16 against Henry Hub near $3.1 the same day (rounded), and EU storage was 16.5% below its five-year average. US storage was 1.3% above average in the week to Oct 9, and EIA's STEO (estimate) needs 283 Bcf more by end-October.

TTF Nov · $28.9/MBtu · Oct 16 · reportedEU storage · 16.5% below five-year average · Oct 16 · reportedUS storage · 3,567 Bcf, 1.3% above average · week to Oct 9 · reported

Gold and silver: the demand risk is financial

Yields and hike bets outweighed official buying, which the Crux Investor article says cannot guarantee a floor. Bank of America (estimate) sees a $4,000 Q4 average.

Gold spot · $4,032.00/oz · Oct 23 · reportedDecember hike odds · about 86% · Oct 23 · futures-impliedBank of America Q4 average · $4,000 · estimate

Copper: headline stocks are rebuilding, scarcity shows elsewhere

About 62% of LME copper sits in the US, while the concentrate charge of -$272.20/t and record 2027 premiums show scarcity elsewhere. A refined-copper tariff decision is pending, with no date. The ICSG (estimate) sees surpluses of 104,000 t in 2026 and 368,000 t in 2027.

Concentrate TC · -$272.20/t · Oct 9 · reported2027 European premiums · $347-350/t · reportedICSG refined surplus · 2026 and 2027 · estimate

Aluminium, zinc and tin: the war premium is gone

Aluminium erased its Middle East premium as Chinese utilisation hit a record 98.5%, though Hormuz remains disrupted. Zinc fell 3.0% in the week to Oct 16.

Aluminium · $3,001.50/t · Oct 16 · reportedChinese utilisation · 98.5% · reported (Standard Chartered)Zinc · -3.0% on the week · Oct 16 · reported

Lithium, nickel and cobalt: supply growth leads

Chinese lithium carbonate output was 115,400 t in September, up 32% year on year, and Goldman Sachs (estimate) sees a 444,000 t surplus in 2028. Nickel has an INSG-reported 19,000 t surplus for 2026, and China's DRC cobalt intermediate imports fell 85.4% in January-August under export quotas.

China lithium carbonate output · 115,400 t · September · reported (SMM)Goldman Sachs 2028 balance · +444,000 t · estimateINSG 2026 nickel balance · +19,000 t · Oct 13 · reported

Estimated balances turn from deficit to surplus

All bars are estimates in tonnes (surplus above zero, deficit below): lithium from Goldman Sachs (2026, 2028) and CITIC Securities (2027); copper refined balance from the ICSG (Oct 14); nickel 2026 from the INSG (Oct 13, reported). Metals, sources and unit bases differ, so the bars are not additive.

What changed and what it means, by reader

What changed

Hormuz exports at about 70% of pre-war; shipping and insurance above one third of commodity value; US gas at $3.24 (Oct 15 settle) on record output.

Implication

Routes and insurance cost matter more than quota targets; US gas output is not tied to the Gulf shock.

Basis

Reported In effect Kpler, OPEC and AGA figures.

What changed

TTF $28.9/MBtu versus Henry Hub near $3.1 (both Oct 16); EU storage at 74.3%; the IEA sees demand falling 2.6 mb/d.

Implication

Europe and Asia are exposed through price, since only about 8% of European LNG comes from the Middle East.

Basis

Reported Estimate JOGMEC, Bruegel and IEA figures.

What changed

Concentrate TC at -$272.20/t (Oct 9); Chinese smelters lose about $140 per dry tonne; El Teniente south pit closed after the Oct 11 landslide.

Implication

Mine supply is the scarce input, and smelting margins depend on it.

Basis

Reported Estimate Fastmarkets, S&P Global Market Intelligence (estimate) and ScrapMonster.

What changed

LME stocks 272,950 t, up 18.0% since Oct 9, but 62% in the US; Yangshan premium $145/t; Europe 2027 premiums $347-350/t.

Implication

Headline stock builds do not mean ex-US availability; premiums are the cost to watch.

Basis

Reported Reuters via Mining.com, SMM, ScrapMonster and ICA.

What changed

Spot 99,350 yuan/t (Oct 22), below CITIC Securities' Q4 floor of 100,000; CATL can pass savings to customers.

Implication

Input costs fall, but price-adjustment clauses can move the saving downstream.

Basis

Reported Estimate SMM spot; CITIC Securities floor is an estimate.

What changed

Gold 28.0% below its record, with about 86% December hike odds (Oct 23); top 20 LC2701 holders short 343,486 versus 313,482 long (Oct 14).

Implication

Rate-path and positioning risk is two-sided; these are exposures to track, not recommendations.

Basis

Reported Cross-source USAGOLD and exchange positioning data.

07Key dates

The Fed meeting on Oct 27 to 28 is the next macro test, and every dated event is shown by its state on Oct 24

Dates before Oct 24, 2026 are marked in effect; the Fed meeting and later items are upcoming. The Q3 gold report and the copper tariff decision have no stated date.

Dated events

DateEventState on Oct 24, 2026Source
Sep 1, 20262% battery consumption tax begins (country not stated)In effectBenchmark
Sep 16, 2026Fed raises its target 25 bp to 3.75-4.00%In effectIndmoney
Oct 4, 2026OPEC+ keeps September required production for NovemberIn effectOPEC via Rigzone
Oct 12, 2026OPEC+ ministers in Riyadh reaffirm the June 7 decisionsIn effectOPEC via Rigzone
Oct 14, 2026IEA October Oil Market Report publishedIn effectIEA
Oct 19-23, 2026LME Week, LondonIn effectICA
Oct 21, 2026EIA weekly report for the week to Oct 16 releasedIn effectEIA via Brisk Markets
Oct 27-28, 2026Fed meetingUpcomingCrux Investor
End-Oct 2026EIA STEO end-October storage estimate of 3,850 BcfUpcomingEstimateEIA STEO
Late Oct 2026 (date not stated)World Gold Council Q3 demand report expectedUpcomingEquiti
Dec 1, 2026Updated LME Warehouse Agreement appliesUpcomingICA
Year-end 2026Kazakhstan's target of cutting gold's reserve share from about 78% to 75% by year-endUpcomingReportedCrux Investor
7The fortnight's risks sat in logistics and expectations rather than in current balances: Hormuz routes, US-held copper stocks and 2027-28 lithium supply moved prices more than this quarter's stocks did.